Abstract

This article examines the impact of alcohol, smoking, and drug use on male reproductive capacity. It analyzes the key mechanisms through which these substances impair spermatogenesis, hormonal balance, and sperm functionality. Studies demonstrating statistically significant reductions in sperm count and motility, as well as an increase in abnormal sperm forms following prolonged use of nicotine, alcohol, and narcotic substances, are reviewed. The article also provides recommendations for preventing reproductive damage through lifestyle changes and early intervention.

Keywords: Reproductive health, male fertility, alcohol, smoking, drugs, spermatogenesis, toxic effects

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